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A torque converter is a fluid coupling which is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, that is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a substantial difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is the most common type of torque converter utilized in car transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or also called Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs used for continuously variable transmissions which could multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is one kind that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an component known as a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics through times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements within a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Alterations to the basic three element design have been incorporated periodically. These alterations have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. Most commonly, these adjustments have taken the form of several turbines and stators. Each and every set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various instances comprise the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters include a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, even if it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.